2018-03-21
3330 本次推送由本微信公众号执行编辑，武汉大学国际问题研究院2016级国际法硕士曾凤伟编辑与审校。
CHAPTER 5
第五章
SALEFORM 2012
挪威船舶买卖合同格式
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.1简介
5.1.1 Saleform 2012
5.1.1《2012年挪威船舶买卖合同格式》
This chapter contains a clause-by-clause commentary on Saleform 2012. This is the latest version of the Norwegian Shipbrokers' Association standard Memorandum of Agreement (“MOA”) for the sale and purchase of second-hand ships.
本章包含对Saleform2012格式每一条款的论述。【1】 这是挪威船舶经纪人协会二手船买卖的标准协议备忘录（MOA-船舶买卖合同）的最新版本。
Since its adoption by The Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) in 1956, Saleform has been through a number of revisions. While some changes to Saleform were made in response to legal developments, others were made in response to calls from the market for changes to particular Saleform provisions that did not adequately reflect industry practice.
自从1956年该格式被波罗的海国际航运公会（BIMCO）采用以来，Saleform格式已经通过数次修订。Saleform格式其中一些变化是在反映法律的发展，另一些反应来自市场的需要，以改变Saleform格式中某些不能充分反映行业习惯做法的条款。
Saleform 1993 (the predecessor to Saleform 2012) has for many years been the most widely used standard form contract for the sale of second-hand ships. When each new version of Saleform is introduced, usually it takes time for the new form to be accepted by the market perhaps because of a general reluctance to depart from what is familiar. However, after nearly 20 years, Saleform 1993 was in need of revision. This was evident from the growing and widespread practice of amending the printed form, often by including several detailed additional clauses. In response to growing market demand, the Norwegian Shipbrokers' Association and BIMCO decided to update Saleform. Time will tell how soon Saleform 2012 replaces Saleform 1993 as the standard saleform of choice. But the early signs are good as initial reactions from the market place have been positive.
Saleform1993格式（Saleform2012格式的前身）多年以来一直是最广泛使用的二手船舶出售的标准格式合同。【2】 每当Saleform的新版本推出之后，通常新的版本是需要一些时间才被市场所接受，也许是因为人们一般不愿意抛弃他们以前所熟悉的事物。然而，经过了近20年，Saleform1993年是需要进行修订。显而易见，修改印就格式已是日益增长和普遍的做法，通常是包含一些详细的附加条款。为了应对日益增长的市场需求，挪威船舶经纪人协会和波罗的海航运公会决定更新Saleform格式。时间会很快告诉我们为什么Saleform2012格式将替代Saleform1993格式作为选择的标准Saleform格式。但是，早期的迹象是好的，因为市场最初的反应是积极的。
Since many readers will be familiar with the terms of Saleform 1993 and as some may continue to use the 1993 form for a while yet, the clause-by-clause commentary identifies where there are material differences between the 1993 form and the 2012 form. Earlier versions of Saleform are also referred to where particular English law decisions related to the wording of earlier forms or where an understanding of a part of Saleform 2012 is assisted by an explanation of its historical context.
由于许多读者熟悉1993年Saleform格式条款，而且一些人可能暂时会继续使用1993年的格式合同一段时间，在对Saleform2012格式逐条论述过程中，将识别出这两种格式之间的重大差异。Saleform格式的早期版本也都提到了与早期格式相关的某些英国法律的判决，或通过对Salefrom格式历史背景的解释，可以协助理解Saleform2012格式的部分内容。【3】
5.1.2 Nipponsale 1999
5.1.2《1999年日本船舶买卖合同格式》
At the end of each commentary on a particular clause of Saleform 2012 there is a section entitled “Notes on Nipponsale 1999”. The “Notes” explain how Nipponsale 1999 deals with the corresponding provisions of Saleform 2012 and provides commentary where the approach taken to address a particular issue is markedly different. Although the Nipponsale form is published by the Japan Shipping Exchange and seems to be used most frequently by Japanese sellers, the parties to sale agreements based on Nipponsale sometimes agree that English law will be the governing law of the agreement. The commentary on Nippon-sale proceeds on the basis that English law is the governing law.
在Saleform2012格式每一特定条款的论述结尾，都有一节标题为‘Nippon1999格式的注解’。这些‘注解’会解释Nipponsale1999是如何处理这些Saleform2012格式中相对应的条款，并提供解释，为什么解决某一特定问题所采取的方法有明显的差异。虽然Nipponsale格式是由日本航运交易所发布的，而且最频繁使用的是日本的卖方，然而，有时基于Nipponsale格式签署买卖协议的双方当事人，将会约定同意英国法律是该协议的准据法。对Nipponsale格式的论述，也是在英国法律为准据法的基础上进行的。【4】
5.1.3 Singapore Ship Sale Form 2011
5.1.3《2011年新加坡船舶买卖合同格式》
In January 2011, the Singapore Maritime Foundation (SMF) launched Singapore Ship Sale Form 2011 (SSF2011). The stated aim of the SMF was to offer a viable alternative to Saleform which reflects current commercial practices and regulatory developments and which would cater, in particular, to the needs of the Asian shipping community. Central to this undertaking was a desire to see more disputes being resolved by arbitration in Singapore. Since parties may wish to contract on SSF2011 terms but under English law, the Singapore form expressly provides that the parties may choose English law (as an alternative to Singapore law) as the governing law of the agreement.
在2011年1月，新加坡海事基金会（SMF）推出了新加坡船舶买卖合同格式（SSF2011）。【5】 SMF的既定目标是提供一种切实可行的替代Saleform格式的选择，这反映了当前的商业习惯做法和法律制度的发展，特别是迎合亚洲航运界的需求。这项工作的首要任务是希望看到更多的争议由新加坡仲裁进行解决。由于合同双方希望依据SSF2011条款格式签订合同，但适用英国法律，因此，新加坡格式明确规定，当事人可以选择英国法（以替代新加坡法律）作为该协议的准据法。【6】
In relation to each clause of Saleform there is also a section entitled “Notes on Singapore Ship Sale Form 2011 (SSF2011)”. As with the Notes on Nipponsale 1999, the Notes on SSF2011 seek to explain differences in the approach taken in SSF2011 to that taken in the other standard forms. Again, the commentary on SSF2011 proceeds on the basis that English law is the governing law.
关于Saleform2012格式每一条款的论述，也都有一节标题为‘新加坡船舶买卖格式（SSF2011）的注解’。如同Nipponsale1999格式的注释一样，对SSF2011的注释，试图解释在SSF2011格式中采取方法与在其他标准格式中采取的方法之间的差异。另外，对SSF2011格式的论述，也是在英国法律为准据法的基础上进行的。
PREAMBLE TO SALEFORM 2012
绪论
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT 船舶买卖合同之协议备忘录
Dated 日期:
[Name of Sellers] hereinafter called the Sellers, have agreed to sell, and
[卖方名称] 以下称之为卖方，已经同意将出售，
[Name of Buyers] hereinafter called the Buyers, have agreed to buy:
[买方名称] 以下称之为买方，已经同意将购买，
Name of Vessel 船名:
IMO Number 国际海事组织船舶识别号码:
Classification Society 船级社:
Class Notation 入级符号:
Year of Build 建造时间:
Builder/Yard 建造地:
Flag 船旗国:
Place of Registration注册登记地:
GT/NT总吨/净吨:
hereinafter called the “Vessel”, on the following terms and conditions:
以下称之为‘船舶’，并遵循以下条款与条件：
5.2 INTRODUCTION
5.2简介
5.2.1 Why “Memorandum of Agreement”?
5.2.1 船舶买卖合同之协议备忘录
Traditionally, the use of the expression “Memorandum of Agreement” served to underline the fact that the Saleform was often a formal record of terms agreed at the recap stage and of any new terms (or variations) agreed between the parties after the recap stage. Frequently this is still the case. But the inclusion of an entire agreement clause in Saleform 2012 (clause 18) means that, once signed by the parties and in effect, the sale contract will constitute the complete agreement of the buyer and the seller.
传统上，使用‘协议备忘录’这一表达方式是用来强调一个事实，即，Saleform格式往往是正式记录要点重述阶段双方约定同意的条款和要点重述阶段之后双方所同意的任何新的条款（或变形体） 。 通常，事实也是如此。但在Saleform2012（第18条款）包含一条完整性协议条款，它意味着，一旦合同双方签字和生效，船舶买卖合同将构成买卖双方之间的完整性协议。【8】
5.2.2 Dating
5.2.2 日期
As the MOA is intended to be a formal record of terms agreed at the recap stage, the parties may be tempted to insert the date on which the main terms were agreed rather than the date of signature of the contract.
由于买卖合同将预期成为要点重述阶段约定同意的条款之正式记录，双方当事人可能会试图在他们约定同意的主条款内加入日期，而不是将来合同签署的日期。【9】
The parties might also wish for the contract to take effect on a date which is earlier than the date on which they sign the contract in circumstances where, before signing, they have already performed obligations or incurred costs in relation to the sale and purchase of the ship.
双方当事人也可能希望合同在他们签署日期之前业已生效，在这种情况下，他们可能早于合同签字之前，已经开始履行合同义务或发生了与船舶买卖相关的费用。
In such cases, the buyer and the seller should make this intention clear on the face of the contract and not simply “back-date” because misdating a contract could be a criminal offence. Parties often use expressions such as “dated as of …” or “dated with effect from” in order to make it clear that they wish for the contract to have retrospective effect from a date before that on which they physically signed the contract.
在这种情况下，买卖双方应当在合同正面明确表示出这一意图，而不是简单地‘倒填日期追溯既往’，因为填错日期可能会涉及到刑事犯罪。双方当事人经常使用诸如‘从……此日期开始’或‘从……该日生效’这样的表达方式，以明确表示，他们希望在合同实际签署之前已经具有追溯的效力。
If, as is often the case, the buyer is incorporating a new company to own the ship upon delivery from the seller and this new company will be the buyer of record in the contract, the effective date of the contract must not pre-date the date on which that company came into existence.
如果，这也常见的情况，买方正在组建成立一个新的公司，以计划在卖方交船时拥有该船舶，而且这个新的公司将作为合同中记录的船舶买方，所以，合同生效之日不得早于该公司成立的日期。【10】
The parties to the sale contract should also check that giving legal effect to the contract prior to the date that they sign it does not create any difficulties for them in performing their contractual obligations. In Saleform 1993, for example, there is an obligation on the buyer to pay the deposit within a specified number of banking days “from the date of this agreement” and the buyer therefore could find itself with insufficient time to meet this deadline. However, usual practice is for the parties to insert the date on which they sign the form.
买卖合同双方也应当检查在他们签署合同之前已经赋予合同法律效力，并确认不会对他们履行合同义务造成任何困难。在Sleform1993格式，例如，‘从本协议日期起’，在约定的银行日之内，买方有义务支付合同保证金，因此，买方可能会发现这并没有足够的时间来满足这一最后期限。然而，通常的做法是双方当事人在合同中插入他们签署合同的日期。
Under Saleform 2012, this particular issue is less critical because time does not start to run until the deposit holder has confirmed to the parties that the deposit account has been opened.
在Saleform2012格式，这个特殊的议题不是那么重要，因为，除非是保证金持有人向合同双方当事人已经证实该保证金账户已经开通，否则，时间不会启动运行。
For most ship sale contracts, the parties will insert the date on which they sign the form. The contract may be dated with the date on which both parties sign the contract, even if the parties sign in different locations and exchange copies by fax.
对于大多数船舶买卖合同，合同双方都将会在合同表格上填上他们签字的日期。合同（生效）日期有可能是以当事双方在合同上签字的日期为准，即使是合同双方在不同的地方签字以及用传真的形式交换合同副本。
【1】请参看附录1，全文列出的Saleform2012格式。
【2】请参看附录2，全文列出的Saleform1993格式。
【3】对Saleform2012，Saleform1993和Nipponsale1999格式的编辑，在网上BIMCO提供线上服务，请访问网址：www.bimco.org。
【4】请参看附录3，全文列出了Nipponsale1999格式。
【5】请参看附录4，全文列出了SSF2011格式。
【6】 SSF2011可编辑的版本，请参看租船合同编辑程序网址：www.charterpartyeditor.com。
【7】请参看第一章第1.4和1.5节。
【8】有关完整性条文的完全的效力可能还有一些例外情况。请参看下文第5.65节对第18条款的详细分析。
【9】请参看第一章第1.5节，有关‘要点重述’方面的技巧。
【10】请参看《2006年公司法》第51条，并适用《外国公司(文件执行)条例》；第51条对未成立的外国公司，如同英国未成立的公司一样适用。
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海运圈聚焦专栏作者 魏长庚船长（微信号CaptWei）
