船上拉个粑粑这么多讲究,还让不让人活了?

2017-09-06660
  笔者想写一篇关于如何确定生活污水集污柜容积的帖子,根据下列公式可以确定船舶生活污水集污柜容积:

  生活污水舱的容积计算公式:

  P*D*q≤V

  V—— 生活污水储存舱(柜)的容积(m3)

  P —— 船上乘员人数(p)

  D —— 需容纳生活污水的天数(d)

  q —— 每人每天产生的生活污水量(L/P*d)

  但q值如何确定,是个难题,我查阅了国家标准GB10833-89《船用生活污水处理系统技术条件》,MEPC.2(VI) 决议《关于生活污水处理装置的国际排放标准、建造和试验的技术条件》或者MEPC.159(55)决议,2012年生活污水处理装置排放标准和性能试验导则MEPC.227(64),竟然没有一提到任何相关数据,网上查到的一些资料有取值30升的,有取值70升的,有取值115升。

  而国内外相关数据也是五花八门:
  

  笔者想到船用生活污水装置经过船级社型式认证,从其额定人数和处理能力上来倒推出q值,看看是否可以找到相关权威标准或规定。

  如是笔者查阅了ZC和CCS的相关产品检验规范,和劳氏入级规范,竟然对生活污水处理装置额定人数没有明确的规定,也没有提供一个权威的数据来源和规范标准,国内生产的WCB系列的设备q取值一般都在70-80升之间,设备认证标准基本也是采用上述几个标准,而上述标准根本没有关于额定人数确定的规定,也就是说额定人数取决于设计单位或者厂家或船检机构的习惯。

  因为时间关系没有去查阅国外相关设备的q值,但根据劳氏入级规范提供的数据,其q值取115升,但这个115怎么得出来的,没有任何说明。

  一个关系到MARPOL重要证书ISPP的数据,竟然是这么确定的?要知道ISPP上面需要填写额定人数,对船舶有很重要的意义,如果就这样随性决定,感觉是不是太不严谨了?
  

  图文无关

  以下为船友回复

  @sanshandaobojue

  看了你收集的资料,也明白了你的疑惑,不知道你是做什么工作的,应当不是搞方案设计或者基本设计的,没做过设备选型吧。

  万事皆有因,万物皆有根。你想想为什么要安装生活污水处理装置?哪里规定的?不装,行不行呢?答案,可以不装,有个生活污水柜储存也可以啊。

  客官且听老生慢慢道来。

  话说MARPOL73/78 AnnexIV REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY SEWAGE FROM SHIPS 是从 27 September 2003才开始强制执行的,最近的更新从2017-09-01生效。请仔细阅读下文,答案即将揭晓。

  Chapter 3 Equipment and control of discharge

  Regulation 9 Sewage System

  1 Every ship which, in accordance with regulation 2, is required to comply with the provisions of this Annex shall be equipped with one of the following sewage systems:

  .1 a sewage treatment plant which shall be of a type approved by the Administration, taking into account the standards and test methods developed by the Organization *, or

  ________________

  * Refer to the Recommendation on International effluent standards and guidelines for performance tests for sewage treatment plants adopted by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the Organization by resolution MEPC.2(VI) or the Revised guidelines on implementation of effluent standards and performance tests for sewage treatment plants adopted by the MEPC by resolution MEPC.159(55) (see Unified Interpretation 3).

  .2 a sewage comminuting and disinfecting system approved by the Administration. Such system shall be fitted with facilities to the satisfaction of the Administration, for the temporary storage of sewage when the ship is less than 3 nautical miles from the nearest land, or

  .3 a holding tank of the capacity to the satisfaction of the Administration for the retention of all sewage, having regard to the operation of the ship, the number of persons on board and other relevant factors. The holding tank shall be constructed to the satisfaction of the Administration and shall have a means to indicate visually the amount of its contents.

  2 By derogation from paragraph 1, every passenger ship which, in accordance with regulation 2, is required to comply with the provisions of this Annex, and for which regulation 11.3 applies while in a special area, shall be equipped with one of the following sewage systems:

  .1 a sewage treatment plant which shall be of a type approved by the Administration, taking into account the standards and test methods developed by the Organization, or

  .2 a holding tank of the capacity to the satisfaction of the Administration for the retention of all sewage, having regard to the operation of the ship, the number of persons on board and other relevant factors. The holding tank shall be constructed to the satisfaction of the Administration and shall have a means to indicate visually the amount of its contents.

  也就是说sewage 处理装置的处理能力或者舱容只要满足Administration的要求即可。那么Administration 就是船旗国,对于大多数船旗国来说没有要求,可能个别的?目前我还没有见到。对于船级社来说,分为法定检验和入级检验,关注的是船的安全,环境的安全,你的问题与安全无关,所以船级社不可能规定这个参数。

  这在你看来是个忽悠?其实不然,换个角度,如果你是船旗国政府,海事局,只要要求船舶保证排放入海的污水是合格的,干嘛要给出具体计算参数呢?这个参数是根据船形,船员,乘客,航线,等等诸多因素综合考虑的。有人答复引用内河船舶规定,就好比是个笑话,你想想内河规定是谁制定的?所以在我看来,你的问题根本不是问题,这是设计人员要综合考虑的。好比建筑师设计每家每户应该多大面积,取决于需求。开个玩笑,200斤大汉跟90斤的美女,每天排泄的便便分量不同吧。男的跟女的洗澡时间,消耗的水量也不同吧。有的人2天3天拉大便一次,有人一天拉两次。有人上船喝啤酒5~10瓶,然后去小便。船员有人天天洗澡,乘客坐船7~8个小时,乘客不洗澡,不大便,怎么算?

  倒是有的船级社有自愿选择的船级符号,如DNVGL的Clean,对此有要求:

  Rules for Ships, July 2015

  Pt.6 Ch.12 Sec.3 Additional requirements for the qualifier DESIGN – Page 21

  C 700 Sewage

  701 The vessel shall be provided with holding tanks for sewage with facilities for delivery ashore.

  The tanksshall have sufficient capacity for the number of persons onboard and for the anticipated time of port stay.

  For estimating necessary tank capacity a minimum wastewater volume of 70 litres/day/person shall be used.

  For vessels using vacuum systems, a minimum wastewater volume of 25 litres/day/person shall be used.

  The duration of port stay shall not be assumed less than 4 days.

  好了,你也应该有答案了吧。现有规范法规没有强制性的要求,只有一些自愿选择的标准。

  @99onlyfan@163.c

  没所谓的,当年我还改装过应急排污系统,直接用一个压载舱当黑灰水收集,到公海直接排,别较真。

  @aqwe

  可能是一个经验统计数据吧,这个本身是一个无法定量东西。就像将人的体重定为75KG一样。

  @258369m

  中国海事局《内河船舶法定检验技术规则(2011)》有明确各种便器污水产生量,其中普通便器50升。

  @admin

  这个规定数据应该由船旗国给出或者授权的第三方,但是确实如搂主所说找不到具体要求,但是如果有特殊的船级社标记,船级社会有自己的数据给出。

  @严铮

  1.水力负荷:70L/p.d是约定俗成的事,ISO15749-1中也有该参数。

  2.人数:ISPP证书中要求写人数,个人认为是不对的,靠谱的参数是水力负荷和BOD5参数;生活污水处理设备标注人数就更不靠谱了,各船期国的要求都不一样,怎么取?

  3.就国产化而言,国内的设计参数偏保守,导致日韩设备企业因为标注人数的原因,占了不少便宜。

  总结:IMO MEPC委员会订的决议,问题很多:灰水的BOD问题、原污水水力负荷问题、试验原污水的BOD5要求问题、盐度值问题等。

  @labilaoxin

  拉泼粑粑这么多讲究,还让不让人活了。

  来源:龙de船人