2022-04-02
631 
3月31日，芬兰自主海洋生态系统联盟One Sea发布了一份新的白皮书，为制定和实施海上自主水面船舶(MASS)的国际立法框架提供了一条前进路线。
新白皮书《自主船舶：规则制定参考术语》呼吁尽快制定统一的参考术语，涵盖可在整个航运业使用的自主和高度自动化的船舶操作。该白皮书研究了船舶自主性和自动化级别的定义，并探讨了如何将它们逐步应用于船舶营运。
该白皮书通过阐述可应用于各种船舶操作或整艘船舶的六个‘等级’，提出了确定航运自动化程度的行业建议。
该白皮书还建议，自主等级应根据人类关注度/参与度（human attention/attendance）的需求来定义，而不是将这一定义与船上配员水平混为一谈。（编译仅供参考，严禁摘录及不注明来源转载）
Level 0: Basic operation / Human controls the vessel
0 级：基本操作/人类控制船舶
Inits simplest form, automation is used to control a process according to setpoints, which in turn control a variable. A human controls the vessel manuallyor establishes desired ‘setpoints’ so that automation can achieve the desiredoutcome. The automated part of functionality is limited to internal monitoringand counteracting deviations between the desired setpoints and receivedinformation. This is a closed-loop system.
Level1: Assisted operations / Hands-on, eyes-on, mind-on
1 级：辅助操作/手动操作、视觉观察、心智思考
Ahuman operating the ship’s functions assesses and takes decisions based oninformation received, entering, or adjusting setpoints by way of response.
操作船舶功能的人类根据接收到的信息、输入或依据响应调整设定值进行评估并做出决策。
Systemautomation assists the human operator by providing observations/updates and/orautomating basic and simple tasks that are logical extensions of decisionsmade.
系统自动化通过提供观察/更新和/或自动化基本和简单的任务来协助人类操作员，这些任务是所做决策的逻辑扩展。
Level2: Partial automation / Hands-off (sometimes), eyes-on, mind-on
2 级：部分自动化/无手动操作（有时）、视觉观察、心智思考
Theoperation of at least one complete function/operational mode is automated.
至少一种完整功能/操作模式的操作是自动化的。
Thesystem monitors the actual situation and can perform actions to achieve thesetpoint or result required. The system informs the human operator of relevantobservations and the actions identified as needing to be performed. However,action may need to be confirmed beforehand by the human operator.
系统监控实际情况，并能执行行动以达到所需的设定值或结果。系统通知人类操作员相关的观察和确定需要执行的行动。然而，行动可能需要人类操作员事先确认。
Level3: Conditional automation / Hands-off, eyes-off (sometimes), mind-on
3 级：有条件的自动化/无手动操作、无视觉观察（有时）、心智思考
Theoperation of at least one full functional/operational mode is automated. Whencertain operational conditions are fulfilled, the system monitors the processaccording to the setpoints and automatically takes action to maintain thesetpoints. The task may be performed without human control for a limited time,determined by operational conditions/location.
至少有一个完整的功能/操作模式的操作也是自动化的。当某些操作条件得到满足时，系统根据设定值监控过程，并自动采取行动以保持设定值。该任务可以在有限的时间内不受人类控制，由操作条件/位置决定。
Level4: High automation / Hands-off, eyes-off, mind-off (sometimes)
4 级：高度自动化/无手动操作、无视觉观察、无心智思考（有时）
Thisis the highest level of ‘human-attended’ automation. The functional/operationaltask is performed to a large extent automatically without human attendance. Thesystem alerts the human operator when intervention is needed if a situationarises when it cannot perform the action within its parameters to achieve thesetpoints.
这是“有人值守”自动化的最高等级。功能/操作任务在很大程度上是自动执行的，无需人类参与。如果出现无法在其参数范围内执行操作以达到设定值的情况，系统会在需要干预时提醒操作员。
Level5: Autonomous / Hands-off, eyes-off, mind-off = human-off
5 级：自主/无手动操作、无视觉观察、无心智思考=无人
Autonomousoperations replace all human supervision; human attendance or interventions arenot required. The goal set for operations is predetermined but requiresautonomous problem solving to deal with situations encountered. These solutionswill be based on information gathered and the ability to understand theapparent situation. Technology observes, identifies, interprets, and responds tosituations so that the ship and its equipment operate in a compliant and safeway
自主操作取代所有人工监督；不需要人工值守或干预。为操作设定的目标是预先确定的，但需要自主解决处理遇到的情况。这些解决方案将基于收集的信息和理解明显情况的能力。技术性观察、识别、解读和应对各种情况，使船舶及其设备以符合要求和安全的方式运行。
来源：沃燊海事
