SOF上的批注是否影响Laytime计算

2018-08-282085
  【摘要】在日常事务中,在涉及到装卸时间计算的重要文件SOF上面,如果船方认为代理记录的与实际不符,往往会选择在SOF添加批注。那么这种批注和SOF是否同样具有法律效力?本文通过日常发生的来说说这方面的问题。

  【关键词】SOF、Laytime、备注、事实

  前几天有人遇到一问题无法解决寻求帮助,涉及的主要问题是出租人认为他们的船长在装港的SOF上添加了备注,因此需要按船长的批注来计算装货时间;同时以承租人尚未确认出租人他们的laytime计算为由,拒绝放货,完全无视正本提单已经到。

  在听到这的时候,给笔者的第一感觉就是该出租人太无理取闹了;出于好奇及为了维持公道,于是借此争议来说一说,在SOF上有批注的情况下laytime计算的问题。

  首先来看看发生争议的具体情况。

  一、基本事实

  出租人与承租人在2018年1月28日,签订了一份从菲律宾装铜矿到中国港口卸的程租合同,货量30,000到35,000吨,承租人有选择权;受载期为1月27日到2月1日,出租人派了H轮去执行该航次任务,该轮于2月1日的1110抵达并递交NOR。

  在1255的时候引水上船,1333起锚,1420抵达内锚地并抛锚,1520引水离船。在2月2日上午0915取得入港许可(free pratique),0930海关及其它当局上船,1000办好进港手续;1230通过验舱。

  2月3日的0035开始装货,并最终于2月18日的1320完货,装了约31,600吨。

  在办后手续后离港,于2月23日0915抵达连云港,船长递交NOR;1150抛锚,之后在等靠泊。同日2147驶往引航站接引水,在24日的0020靠好;0415开始卸货,最终于28日的1430完货。

  相关的合同条款,之后详细分析。

  二、争议焦点

  主要争议是,出租人认为装港的SOF上船长添加了批注,因此应该以船长的批注为准,但承租人不同意出租人此观点。出租人随后以承租人未确认出租人的laytime计算为由,拒绝放货,而在这期间,正本提单已到。出租人认为,承租人必须确认laytime计算,然后出租人才有义务放货。

  承租人在这种情况下,局面比较尴尬,一方面,收货人正本提单已到手,面临得罪客户的压力;而出租人此时又在那里胡搅蛮缠,又面临着被迫同意出租人的计算而遭遇损失。

  那么首先从NOR说起。

  1、NOR的有效性问题

  首先来看装港的NOR,如下图所示:显示在2018年2月1日1110的时候抵达引航站,船长在同一时间递交了NOR。同时NOR上显示: DATE & TIME ACCEPTED: FEBRUARY 03,2018 at 0035H。
  


  参装港的部分SOF如下,显示在1255的时候引水上船,1333起锚,1420抵达内锚地并抛锚,1520引水离船。在2月2日上午0915取得入港许可(free pratique),0930海关及其它当局上船,1000办好进港手续;1230通过验舱。
  


  参租船确认书(Fixture Note)第19条,如下:

  19. Notice of Readiness to load shall betendered with clean holds, hatch open and ready in all respect to load at any time after vessel has arrived at loading port whether in berth or not, and after free pratique and customs formalities. If the vessel is not in freepratique on arrival at the berth or not ready in any respects due to causesattributable to the vessel, then a new NOR shall be tendered.

  这里加标注,递交NOR至少有5个条件;而且还额外要求,如果在抵达的时候未取得入港许可,必须重新递交新的NOR。

  参Thomas法官在The“Agamemnon” 案中所说,一个有效的的准备就绪通知书仅仅在满足了租船合同规定的条件时,可以开始装卸时间计算。不符合这些条件的通知不是有效的通知。

  A notice of readiness which iseffective to start Laytime running can only be given when the conditions setout in the charterparty for its giving have been met. A notice that does notmeet those conditions is not a valid notice.

  因为在船长递交NOR的时候该轮还未获得入港许可,而且也未重新递交,因此该NOR无效。同时,该轮在递交NOR的时候说抵达引航站,这可能直接导致NOR无效,因为还未come to rest,未结束空载航次,因此无权递交NOR。再则可以发现,该轮递交NOR的时候还在外锚地,于1420才抵达内锚地并抛锚,因此凭这一点NOR也无效,船必须在尽可能地靠近装卸货的位置才可以递交NOR;因此在外锚地递交的NOR无效。相关问题可以参阅之前和NOR及LAYTIME计算的相关文章及Laytime and DemurrageChapter3-Commencement of Laytime 3.298-3.299

  接下来来看卸港NOR的有效性问题,其内容如下:在2018年1月23日的0915抵达连云港锚地并递交NOR。
  


  但是参H轮的轨迹如下,很明显在0915的时候船还在航行当中,甚至还没有抵达锚地。因此该NOR递交过早,尚未结束重载航次,该NOR无效。
  


  对于装港的NOR,前文提到已经显示accepted的时间了,因此依据贵族院判例The“Happy Day”的原则,accepted的情况下,承租人的行为构成了弃权及禁止翻供;因此无效的NOR在被accepted的那一刻开始变得有效。在装港被接受也即开始装货的时候,2月3日的0035可以开始起算laytime。

  但是在卸港,在没有有效的NOR的情况下,是否可以开始Laytime计算呢?依据Potter勋爵在The“Happy Day”案中所说的权威,在满足三种情况下,(a)按照租家或收货人要求,一份形式上有效的NOR在船舶抵达前已经被递交,(b)在抵达后,租家认可船舶已经准备就绪或者接受可以开始卸货,(c)按租家或收货人指示开始卸货而没有任何拒绝其有效的暗示、或对早先NOR有效性的保留、或任何暗示需要递交额外的NOR,则laytime能够开始计算。

  In the context of this case I would answer the question of law in relation to which leave was granted as follows. Laytime can commence under a voyage charterparty requiring service of a notice of readiness when no valid notice of readiness has been served in circumstances where (a) a notice of readiness valid in form is served upon the charterers or receivers as required under the charterparty prior to the arrival of the vessel: (b) the vessel thereafter arrives and is, or is accepted to be, ready to discharge to the knowledge of the charterers; (c) discharge thereafter commences to the order of the charterers or receivers without either having given any intimation of rejection or reservation in respect of the notice of readiness previously served or any indication that further notice of readiness is required before laytime commences. In such circumstances, the charterers may be deemed to have waived reliance upon the invalidity of the original notice as from the time of commencement of discharge and laytime will commence in accordance with the regime provided for in the charterparty as if a valid notice of readiness had been served at that time. By answering the question in that way, I should notbe thought to doubt that, in appropriate circumstances, the same result may follow by application of the doctrines of variation and estoppel.

  鉴于承租人对无效的NOR没有作保留,因此构成了弃权及禁止翻供。在卸港连云港,1月24日的0415开始装货的时候,laytime能够开始起算,直至28日的1430完货。

  2、在卸港是否需要递交NOR

  参租船确认书前文所述的第19条,NOR仅仅说在装港的递交情况,并没有提到在卸港是否需要递交。关于卸港的NOR问题,参London Arbitration 11/95 (1995) 409 LMLN 3 案,在该案中,合同为带有附加条款的Euromed 的格式。租家安排到阿根廷Rosario装货,船于5月30日1440抵达Zona Comun并递交NOR。该案有几个争议,其中承租人认为在第二个港应该递交NOR,但法官认为除非合同明确规定,要不在第二个港无需递交NOR。

  The next issue to be considered was whether a further NOR was required to be tendered at the second loading port. The tribunal would agree with the owners that, unless there was a clear requirement written intothe charterparty to the contrary, no NOR was required. That was a well established principle, logically based on the assumption that once the vesselhad been tendered for loading at the first port, charterers were expected to alarge extent to control the vessel and to be in a position to monitor progressof the loading operations. There was no merit in the charterers’ argument thatclause 28 of the charterparty (which expressly dealt with the dispensation ofthe need to tender a NOR at the second discharging port) should be taken toinfer that such further NOR was called for at the second loading port.

  Branson法官在Burnett Steamship案中也提到:

  The charterers should know near enough without a fresh notice of readiness at what time they are to have their cargo ready at the port to which they have ordered the ship to go.

  在London Arbitration 9/11 (2011)833 LMLN2 案里, 法官也判船东无需在第二装港Krishnapatnam递交NOR。

  类似的,Mustill法官在 The “Mexico I”案中提到,在普通法下,如无相反规定,在卸港无需递交NOR。

  At common law no notice of readiness is required at the discharging port to place the charterers under the obligation to take deliveryof the cargo: he is expected to be on the lookout for the ship and for hiscargo….

  The contract provides for Laytime to be started by thenotice ( which means a valid notice) and in no other way.

  因此如果租约无相反规定,那么在普通法下,只要在第一装港递交NOR,而无需在第二装港,或卸港再递交NOR。但是租船确认书第12条:

  LAYTIME SHALL COMMENCE 12(TWELVE) HOURS AFTERTENDERING OF NOTICE OF READINESS UNLESS USED, IN WHICH CASE, ACTUAL TIME USEDTO COUNT AS LAYTIME.

  众所周知,NOR主要有两个作用,一是通知承租人船舶已经抵达并准备就绪可以开始装卸货;二是依据租船合同可以触发laytime条款开始起算装卸货时间。根据该条款要求,laytime在12小时后开始起算的前提是递交了NOR。如之前文章多次提到的,合约解释不能单独地看某个条款,必须结合全文当成一个整体来看待。因此纵然第19条没有说明在卸港也要递交NOR,但依据第12条,必须递交NOR以便开始laytime计算。

  3、装港的SOF

  对于装港的主要争议,出租人认为他们的船长已经在SOF添加了批注,如下:
  


  因此出租人认为,因坏天气延误的时间应该算laytime,如下:
  


  船长的批注内容大意想表达的是,在H轮在锚地期间,海况适合装货;但是由于发货人安排的驳船太小太轻导致无法正常在锚地装货。

  Remark: The sea condition is good for loading during subvessel staying at the anchorage, but the barges arranged by shipper are toosmall/light and unqualified to keep normal loading at anchorage.

  事实记录上对于未装货延误部分的批注是,即由于涌浪大风浮吊无法靠妥。

  Lct Phiwinner 1/2 unable to alongside due to heavy swelland strong winds.

  从这些描述,作为一个合理人士可以看出的是,延误期间,驳船浮吊在船边,但由于受天气海况影响,无法靠到H轮进行装货作业;船长对此事实没有异议,认为天气状况可以装货,只是认为发货人派的驳船太小,导致无法正常装货。

  那么来看看关于Laytime计算条款,参租船确认书第12条如下:

  Laytime shall not becounted for the foll conditions, but "once demm., always demm." to be applied:

  a)On first opening and last closing of its hatches;

  b) If the hatches ofa ship are closed (at the request of the Master of the ows) because of rain,swell and heavy swell, etc. or Force Majeure unless vsl on demm..

  c)Time lost due torain/ heavy swell, which prevents the vessel from loading shall not count as laytime unless vsl on demm.

  d)Time used inmoving from the place of waiting to the loading berth/ anchorage shall not count as laytime unless vsl on demm..

  e)The time incurred during initial and final draft survey shall not be computed as laytime unless vsl on demm..

  g) the waiting time due to heave fog/bad weather not counted as laytime unless vsl on demm..

   这里已经清楚规定一旦滞期永远滞期适用,那么在滞期后所有的这些延误,不管是坏天气影响装货如C款,移泊时间如D款,做水尺时间如E款,坏天气等泊如G款都得继续算Laytime,这些条款对承租人不利。

  因此在这里只分析在进入滞期之前的这些因受涌浪大风等影响浮吊驳船靠泊的时间损失。

  4、受坏天气影响的时间延误是否可扣除不算?

  首先参租船确认书第12条C款,Time lost due to rain/ heavy swell,

  which prevents the vessel fromloading shall not count as laytime很明显由于下雨,涌浪方面导致无法装货的实际损失不计算装货时间;因此可扣除不算,除非已经进入滞期。那么就剩下一个问题,出租人所主张的,按船长的批注,那些天气适合装货,所以得继续计算。

  那么是否如出租人所主张的那样呢?先来看看两个判例。

  首先来看The“Khian Captain”[1985] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 212案。

  在该案中,涉及的主要争议是Khian Captain轮在卸港从1975年的7月7日0800到7月8日半夜之间的时间延误是否算正常卸货时间。卸港的SOF,抬头为“Detention”的在该期间备注为:“As the vessel worked entirely instream and due tidal conditions vessel worked accordingly tide times.”。船长也在SOF上添加了批注: “Previously with the same weather conditions discharge carried out”。

  在laytime计算中,承租人以坏天气为由,扣除了这两天的时间,不计算卸货时间。但出租人的代表律师认为,没有令人满意的证据表明有关的日子不是好天气工作日,而且在没有这些证据的情况下,转租承租人未能确立卸货时间未能起算。他表示,有迹象表明,事实记录中提到恶劣天气是指船舶上的天气而不是别处。商事法院的Saville法官接受此观点。

  出租人的代表律师随后表示,既然船长已经表达了这样的观点,即同样的条件并没有影响以前的卸货,结果是这些证据使人们完全怀疑天气是否阻止了那些日子的卸货作业。因此,他说,承租人没有履行举证责任。承租人的代表律师接受承租人负有举证责任,但他认为,事实记录可能是由出租人自己的代理在审查文件时准备的,而且它确实披露了一个初步的不利天气影响卸货的情况,所以原告出租人有责任说明为什么通知不准确。

  Saville法官认为,前提是事实记录确实提供了当天恶劣天气的一些初步证据。船舶过去可能在类似条件下工作的事实并不一定表明这种类似的情况不能被排除,因为它不是好天气工作日。但正如法官他所看到的,承租人案件的困难在于,即使根据他所作的假设,事实记录在确定天气阻碍整个有关时期卸货方面的工作还远远不够,而法官他看到该文件,指出由于恶劣的天气条件,下午潮汐不会有驳船。这种状况持续了多久还是相当不确定的,事实上早上的情况就是如此。Saville法官认为,承租人应根据可能性的平衡来确定,在辩称不是好天气工作日的天气期间,天气不允许工作,而且这在法官他看来是无法实现的。Saville法官无法从他面前的证据中看出,在这段时间内,天气不允许船舶作业。此外,在Saville法官看来,事实记录并不足以让他确定应该进行一些分摊和给予一些救济,仅因为他对那两天天气的位置和持续时间处于完全不确定的状态。

  除了关于好天气工作日的争论和事实记录的证据之外,双方还提出了对于合同第41条解释的一个争议。

  Charterers shall not be liable for any delay in loading or discharging including delay due to unavailability of cargo which delay or unavailability is caused in whole or in part by an act of God, war, hostilities, political disturbances, rebellion,mobilization, revolution, insurrections, acts of public enemy, civil commotions, sabotage, acts of Government (including but not restricted to any preference, priority, allocation or limitation order and any export or import control), frost or snow, fire, floods, force majeure, earthquake, storms, landslides, bore tides, explosions or other catastrophies, epidemics, quarantine restrictions, strikes, embargo, blockages, railway accidents or impediments and other causes beyond the control of the Charterers.

  但最终Saville法官接受出租人律师的意见,即在这种情况下,该条款无法对承租人提供帮助。7月7日和8日是租船合同下的租船合同期限,以便卸下这条船的货物。如果承租人他们在那些日子没有选择卸货,即使他们可以,他们也不会违反租约方的任何明示或暗示的义务。因此,Saville法官认为在他看来,由于该条款专门处理承租人无须承担责任的情况,因此不会出现在这两天中发生任何延误的责任问题,该条款不能实际上,它们被用来按照它所解释的方式影响卸货时间计算。Saville法官认为即他我错了,在他看来,在这里确实没有足够的证据表明承租人在两天内的任何特定时期内都无法作业,以符合“超出任何其他承租人控制的原因”。在这种情况下,Saville法官判出租人的计算是可接受的。

  I accept Mr.Legh-Jones' submission that in the context of this case that provision cannot avail the charterers. July 7 and 8 were days which under the charter-party the charterers were given, among others, to discharge this vessel. They would notbe in breach of any express or implied obligation under the charter-party if they did not choose to discharge on those days, even if they could. Accordingly, therefore, it seems to me that since the clause is dealing exclusively with circumstances in which the charterers shall not be liable, no question of their liability for any delay during the course of those two days arises, and there therefore the clause cannot be used so as, in effect, to interrupt laytime in the manner in which it has been suggested. Even if I was wrong about that, it does seem to me that there is insufficient evidence hereto establish that the charterers were unable to work for any particular period during the two days in question within the meaning of the phrase "any other causes beyond the control of the charterers."

  In those circumstances, the result of my judgment is that the plaintiffs' calculation for despatch is accepted, and it is common ground that on that basis their calculation produces a figure of $25,312.50 despatch, and accordingly I answerthe first of the issues which has been put before me today under cl. 2 of the agreement in that sum.

  因此如果装港的事实记录仅仅是简单地备注,如loading operation suspend due to bad weather,或stoppage due to heavy swell and strong winds那么承租人将负有举证责任,去证明这些所谓的坏天气影响确实影响装货。但事实上,装港的SOF已经清晰明确地批注了,Lct Phiwinner 1/2 unable to alongside due to heavy swell and strong winds,造成时间损失的原因是浮吊无法靠泊而H轮的船长的批注也在侧面佐证了这一事实,仅仅是认为驳船太小,导致了在那种天气海况下无法维持在锚地装货作业;言外之意即驳船确实无法装货。发货人派的驳船大小这和租船合同没有关系,承租人无需为此承担任何责任,除非承租人已经在合同中清晰明确地作出保证,保证驳船的大小,比如驳船不得小于5000吨。如果在这种情况下,驳船只有3000吨,那么承租人得去证明如果是5000吨的驳船还仍然不能正常靠泊装货,要不承租人将得自己承担责任。反之,在承租人没有作任何保证的情况下,出租人将得自己承担此风险。

  接下来来看The“Newforest”[2007]EWHC 673(Comm)案。

  在该案中,出租人与承租人在2004年12月7日签订了一份从巴西装铁矿到中国卸的程租合同,出租人派Newforest轮去执行该航次任务。最终承租人安排到烟台港卸,当时烟台港有吃水限制,因此需在锚地先进行减载。

  涉及的合同主要条款如下:

  11.Demurrage and Dispatch Clause

  Demurrage and dispatch shall be calculated on the basis of the statement of fact made by Agents at loading and discharging port(s) entrusted by Owners and mutually confirmed by Master and LOADING PORT AUTHORITIES or DISCHARGING PORTAUTHORITIES.

  11.B.a.Demurrage and Dispatch rates at discharging port:

  Demurrage rate USD100,000 per day or pro rata for part of a day.

  Dispatch rate USD50,000 per day or pro rata for part of a day.

  11.B.b.Discharging rates

  Yantai 25,000 mts per weather working day of 24 consecutive hours Sunday and Holidaysincluded.

  11.B.e. The following time shall not count as laytime:

  - Time used for sailing from anchorage to wharf till all fastened at the designated discharging berth

  - Time used for draft survey

  - The stoppage caused by adjusting ballast (or deballasting)

  - The stoppage caused by bad weather

  - Stoppage or partial stoppage caused by Owners and partial stoppage as pro rata

  - Stoppage caused by Force Majeure

  11.B.f Discharging shall complete upon the last grab of cargo leaving hatches.

  11.B.g The cargo on vessel shall be in grabs' reach. essel shall be guaranteed suitable for grab discharge. If the cargo is not accessible by means of grabs (including in hatches), any time and/or dispatch money so lost and the extra expenses over and above the cost of normal grab discharge at discharging ports shall be for Owners' account.

  11.B.h Once a vessel is on demurrage, always on demurrage to apply.

  25. Strike and Force majeure Clause

  25.B At discharging ports

  The time lost as a result of all or any of the following causes shall not count as laytime and demurrage IZ: war, rebellions, tumults, civil commotions, strikes,insurrections, political disturbances, epidemics, quarantine, riots, lock-out,stoppage of workmen, railway employees, stevedores, seamen or any other workers essential to the working, carriage, delivery, shipment, interruptions of railway transport, whether partial or general, landslides, flood, intervention of sanitary, customs and/or other constituted authorities or other causes beyond Charterers' control preventing cargo preparation, discharging or berthing vessel.

  在烟台卸港,发生laytime计算争议的主要时间有如下5段:
  


  对于事实记录,出租人认为合同第11条没有规定SOF是最终的,对当事人具有约束力,或者依据SOF所得出的计算也是最终的。此外,第11条规定事实记录应相互确认。出租人认为,没有相互确认,因此在港口当局截断声明时,出租人已经撤回了对事实记录的认同。

  承租人承认第11条没有明确表示该事实记录是最终的并具有约束力,但指出出租人所主张的并没有什么作用。第11条是计算滞期费的基础,因为它可以保护出租人,因为船长和承租人必须确认,需要港口管理部门的确认。在不承认这一点的情况下,承租人承认,如果事实记录明显错误,或者如果船长被要求撤销他的确认,则出租人可以对该事实记录提出质疑。

  出租人争辩说,因为承租人主张那些天气阻止了卸货,因此承租人得来证明。出租人的代表律师引援了Devlin勋爵在The Ancouver Strike 案中所说,认为承租人要证明卸货时间被恶劣天气或其他例外情况而中断计算,并且这是延误的原因。承租人承认,如果他们关于合同第11条的主要问题不成功,他们通常会承担举证责任。然而,在这种情况下,根据第11条的规定,如果有事实记录,则不能将其视为仅仅是其中一个证据。承租人的代表律师指出,事实记录永远都是良好的初步证据,尤其在没有被船长抗议的情况下更是如此。

  关于事实记录,商事法院的法官认为,正如他所看到的那样,SOF不是最终的和有约束力的,因为它没有这样说,而且因为“基于”这些词没有足够清楚地指出最终的情况。类似地,描述SOF的效果可能太过于教条化,因为它会扭转举证责任。“相互”这个词或许是草拟人员无益的选择,但是,无论是否达到必要的相互关系,不管其合同状态如何,SOF无疑都有很强的证据价值。我们有一份由船长当时证实的事实陈述,尽管很久以后由港务局确认。由于这是一个专门的法律领域,这是一个有力的证据,在任何民事案件中都可以反对潜在的自我回忆和重建不起眼的和详细的事实,尽管两年后天气记录和其他同期文件得到了协助。一般来说,这些证据有可能解除承租人的举证责任,除非出租人证明它是错误的,这是一项需要超过推测并需要说服现场证据和/或有说服力的同期文件。法官认为虽然这一因素对他的判决没有影响,法庭应该更倾向在有事实记录这类文件的基础上作出判决,事后证据在证明力上较差。

  As I see it the SoF is not final and binding because it does not say so and because the words" on the basis of" do not point clearly enough to finality.Similarly it may be too dogmatic to describe the effect of the SoF as rever sing the burden of proof. The word "mutually" is perhaps an unhelpful choice by the draftsperson but I take it to mean , at the least, around the same time. But the evidential value of the SoF is unquestionably strong whether or not the requisite mutuality is achieved and almost regardless of its contractual status. We have a statement of facts prepared on the spot by the agent confirmed at the time by the Master and, albeit much later, by the Port Authority.Stepping back from the fact that this is a specialised areaof law, that is powerful evidence in anycivil case to set against potentially self serving recollection and reconstruction of unremarkable and detailed facts, albeit assisted by weatherrecords and other contemporaneous documents two years later. In general this evidence is likely to discharge the Charterers' burden of proof unless the Owners show it to be wrong, an exercise which requires more than speculation and needs convincing live evidence and/or persuasive contemporaneous documents.Further, although this factor plays no part in my decision, the court should lean towards seeing finality when documents like the SoF are available as theunsatisfactory exercise which I must now conduct confirms.

  对于第一段时间争议,22Feb13.10到24Feb10.20的1天20小时15分钟,SOF上有批注“Lighteningsuspended due to bad weather”。

  出租人质疑这一点,并依赖调查员的证据,表明天气状况没有恶化,而没有替代驳船。船长说,当没有足够的驳船进行不间断的服务时,港口当局很容易责怪天气,这样他们就不必向承租人交代。船舶日志显示,2月22日13时10分起,风力为5/6级。这似乎有一个普遍的观点,那就是在风力大于6的情况下,减载作业通常不安全。涌浪从中午记录的2.5米下降到2月22日下午的工作时间降至2米,似乎有所下降。在13:00左右,大约停止卸货的时间,风速从每秒11.4米下降到10.1米(即BF5)。出租人还表示,根据海洋环境监测记录,1.6米海域的最大海浪低,这比船上船员的任何估计都要可靠。出租人对天气预报的数字打折后,测试是实际的天气,而不是预期的。此外,尽管对海上BF6-7的预测是,但预计不会因为早上提供驳船而阻止卸货。

  承租人指出,预报为6-7及,但根据烟台大洋环境监测中心站的记录,一些雨雪和其他预报显示高达8级(不要与特别依赖于芝罘岛海洋环境监测站业主)。他们特别依赖船长给代理Zodiac-Shanghai的信息,声称“2005年2月22日13.10停止卸货(天气恶劣),目前恶劣天气持续(21.00当地时间)。调查员没有严肃地质疑船长的意见,出租人指出,尽管有船长的意见,但他们所说的巧合并不可信,13.10时的天气变糟糕的时候第一艘驳船已满。

  截至2月23日,出租人指出,船舶的记录显示为风力4-5级,涌浪高2米,这是可接受的卸货条件。当天记录的最高风速为5米/秒,有时低至每秒1.9米。这两组记录中的波高也表示1.2米,这是很低的。如果天气预报相关,它比前一天好,前一天是5-6级。承租人指出,预测在6-7级时是严重的。一艘驳船在15:30出发,但没有执行货物运输。当天晚上有7级阵风。第二天,船长报告前一天出现“因持续不好(天气)而没有卸货作业”。至于2月24日午夜至10月20日这段时间,出租人指出,这是卸货日最平静的日子之一。当日的最大日风速为4级。发布期间的风速在1到3米/秒之间,芝罘岛的风速为零。出租人认为,预测是无关紧要的,但风力在一天中增加到6-7级,因此在10.20期间风速会降低。承租人承认在凌晨时分天气平静,但指出从2月24日凌晨5点起,有一个强烈的警告 “逐渐增加到6-7级”,或者看着另一个预测,增加到高达7-8级。

  法官认为2月22日和23日各种记录的证据是模棱两可的,2月24日的证据并不确切,但来自船长的同时消息要么支持天气不好或与之一致的观点。调查员在交叉检验中的证据在一定程度上支持了船长的观点,否则就是模糊不清的。天气和海洋记录是关于船舶附近的条件是什么样的信息的第二来源,并且没有破坏船长评估和没有抗议的证据基础,更不用说SOF中所记录的了。因此在这点上,法官判承租人有权扣除,不计算卸货时间。

  The evidence from the various records is equivocal for 22 and 23 February but less so for 24 February but the contemporaneous messages from the Master either support the view that the weather was bad or are consistent with it being so . Captain Xiu's evidence in cross examination supported the views of the Master to adegree and was otherwise too vague to contradict it. The weather and sea records are a secondary source of information about what conditions were like in the general vicinity of the vessel and no evidential basis for undermining the Master's assessment and the absence of protest, let alone the terms ofthe SoF. The Defendant's case is made out for this period.

  第二段时间争议,25Feb 08.45到26Feb 05.20的20小时35分钟。SOF上记录由于坏天气(due to bad weather),减载作业在08.45中断,直到05.20继续。

  出租人声称最初的天气问题仅仅是因为减载驳船的防护不足而停止了卸货作业,并且在那之后条件恢复正常。船上的甲板记录表明,关于卸货记录出现一系列问题,08.40描述为“Due prevailing sea condition”。甲板日志记录,显然在下午的某个时间点,“No cargo operations due heavy swells”。船长向代理Zodiac-Shanghai报告说:“cargo discharge stopped today at 08.45 due onset of bad weather”,在其他地方,继续说“due to snowing and rough sea”。调查员大体上接受了关于雪的说法,但认为涌浪只会导致一些货物的损失。没有证据表明他当时表达了这种观点。甲板日志显示了2.5米的涌浪。然而,出租人认为,这个高度与午夜左右有所不同,这时涌浪已经下降到2米,04.00的日志上显示的轻微的涌浪和风力3级。甲板日志记录,到05.15时,一条驳船平安无事靠泊。风速在2月25日整天似乎令人满意,特别是在午夜之后。烟台的天气预报是在夜间风力从7级降至5至6级。国家海洋局的预测是相似的,但有一个强风的警告。

  出租人没有良好的碰垫的主张,法官认为证据不够而不存在。但认为出租人的最佳观点是,那些期间可能推迟由于2-4个小时的调整期。出租人依靠邢先生(烟台港务局冰情办公室主任)的总体结论:我们做出了在上述时段暂停减载的决定,因为我记得,减轻减载锚地的风和海况都不好,预测的风/海况也不利。即使风力条件允许在这些时期继续进行减载作业,恶劣的海况(即大涌和大浪)仍然会使其不安全。

  We made the decisions to suspend lightening in the above periods because, as I recall, both wind and sea conditions at the Lightening Anchorage were bad. The forecasted wind/sea conditions were also unfavourable. To my mind, even had wind conditions permitted lightening operations to continue in these periods, bad sea conditions (ie large waves and heavy swell) would nevertheless have made it unsafe to continue.

  出租人的代表律师King认为这实际上是一个让步,有时海况适中。邢先生说,他承认调整时间为2至4小时,他认为这解释了为什么在第二阶段的午夜后和第三阶段的下午2点之后在可接受的工作条件下没有卸货。天气显然足够好可卸货,问题只是在调整期结束之前,应该一直待命的减载驳船不可用。法官认为这太具有推测性,并且没有来自那些如果这种主张是正确的话可能会说些什么的人的同时支持。在这段时间争议上,法官判承租人有权扣除不计算卸货时间。

  Mr King suggested this is in effect a concession that at times the sea conditions were moderate.Mr Xing ,he says, concedes that there is a mobilisation time of 2-4 hours andhe submits that this explains why there was no discharge during acceptable working conditions after midnight during the second period and after 2.00 pm during the third. The weather was obviously good enough for discharge, the problem was simply that the lighters that should have been standing by were notavailable until the end of the mobilisation period. But this is too speculative and has no contemporaneous support from those who might have been expected tosay something if this claim were correct.

   对于第三段时间争议,26Feb10.00到26Feb17.05的7小时5分钟,SOF上将这段停工归因于恶劣天气。船长向代理Zodiac-Shanghai报告说,“stopped todayat 10.00 due onset of bad weather”。没有其他因素导致延迟的报告。此时有3米的涌浪,阵风高达7级。调查员并未反驳船长的观点。然而,出租人关注的是从下午2点开始的最后3个小时,当时他们说天气似乎一直很好。到16点为止,涌浪高被记录为1米,描述为“slight/modsea and swell”。记录的最大风速为每秒9.2米/秒,BF5。在芝罘岛,波浪在下午2点从1.6米高处下降到1.2米,然后在下午5点钟下降到1.0米。

  但法官认为从天气记录中推断出的基础太弱了,无法推翻他现在反复提到的其他材料事实。基于与其他时期相同的理由,法官认为承租人有权扣除此期间的时间损失,不计算laytime。

  Extra polation from weather records is too thin a basis to overcome the other available material which I have now mentioned repeatedly. For the same reasons as for theother periods I consider that the Defendant's claim is made out.

  对于第4段时间争议,SOF记录“berthed alongside and prepared for discharging”,但船舶日志记录了“00.54 all made fast forward and aft at berth 63/64 Yantai”。法官认为从这个条目中可以明显看出,与其他任何证据都没有矛盾的是,船舶已经完成了靠泊,并且事实记录中使用的表述中的含糊不清,该文件不是神圣不可侵犯的,在这点上作出对出租人有利的判决。

  在来到法官面前,对于第5段时间争议,当事人已解决。最终,法官对于前三段时间争议均作出对承租人有利的判决,仅第四段时间对出租人有利。

  It follows that there will be judgment for the Claimant for the fourth period but for the Defendant on the other three. I shall be grateful if counsel will let me havean agreed order and note of corrections of the usual kind and separate notes of any issues which they wish to raise when this judgment is handed down.

  本案中,法官认为虽然SOF对于当事人双方并非具有最终的约束力,但是鉴于SOF为现场记录,在船长没有提出抗议的前提下,与事后才提供的其它材料相比,更具有说服力。这些事实证据有可能解除承租人的举证责任,除非出租人证明它是错误的,这是一项需要超过推测并需要说服现场证据和/或有说服力的同期文件。法官认为法庭应该更倾向在有事实记录这类文件的基础上作出判决,事后证据在证明力上没有说服力。

  参以上判例,回到H轮的实际中来。在装港的SOF上已经清晰明确地记录了未装货的原因是由于受涌浪大风等影响导致浮吊驳船无法靠泊H轮装货。与The“Newforest”案的情况类似,同样是由于天气的原因,在锚地作业。对于浮吊驳船而言,受天气海况影响较大,在坏天气情况下很可能造成碰撞,导致船体破损。此外,合同条款只规定由于坏天气影响所造成的装货时间损失扣除不算,而依据SOF提供的,这些坏天气导致了浮吊驳船无法靠泊H轮装货,直接导致了时间损失。这和没有驳船或者驳船没有货物可装货的情况是两回事。H轮船长的批注在侧面佐证了这一点,确实影响了靠泊,船长抗议的唯一原因是驳船太小,在那种天气海况下,不足以让驳船保持能够正常作业。但驳船太小,这和承租人并没有关系,承租人没有违约,因此出租人无法找承租人索赔所谓驳船太小而导致装货延误所来的损失赔偿。

  因此,H轮案中,装卸港的NOR都无效,但是承租人没有明确保留权利,构成了弃权,在开始装卸货的时候可以起算laytime。对于船长在装港的SOF的批注问题,并不对出租人有利,相反是个不利的批注,佐证了浮吊驳船无法靠泊H轮装货的事实。依据合同条款,在进入滞期之前,这些受涌浪大风影响而导致无法靠泊装货作为的时间损失,承租人可扣除不算laytime。

  (补充,H轮的承租人事后补充说,在卸港曾经要求出租人重新递交NOR,但出租人拒绝;因此卸港没有有效的NOR,在承租人没有弃权的情况下,即使开始卸货也不会开始起算。)

  海运圈聚焦专栏作者 Alex (微信公众号 航运佬)