船东撤船通知不严谨导致自身毁约的问题

2025-12-17100

      首先,说一下好消息,魏长庚船长他们已经把Voyage Charters 翻译完成且很快正式出版;这是本讲解与程租合同相关,非常全面的专业书籍。

  其次,说一下坏消息,由于发生了两起船东非常不专业,乱撤船,然后船东律师又不专业乱给意见,失望之下就把已发的公众号文章都给删了。 

  学习英国法目的是让自己更专业做事,而不是胡作非为;碰到这些不专业,扰乱市场的,大家都应该勇敢站出来,说不!不然,迟早这些人会欺负到自己头上。 

  如果能订出完美的条款,如青岛韦立的合同,那是本事;而不是在合同中,刻意加一些非常不常见的条款。后者凭“Red hand” doctrine,“红手”规则就足够认定条款无效了。 

  现在来看看这个TL船东所发的撤船通知:

  2025年11月19日,16:45

  “Upon checking with our account, we confirm that no funds have been received from the Charterers to date.To avoid any disruption to the vessel’s operations, we strongly urge Charterers to arrange the hire payment without further delay and provide a copy of the MT103 before COB today.

  Please be advised that failure to receive the payment by the stated deadline may result in the suspension of vessel services without further notice. All Owners’ rights are fully reserved.

  Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.”

 
2025年11月21日,17:46

  Qte 

  “As per the Grace Period clause, Owners hereby formally notify Charterers that, unless the outstanding hire payment is received in full within three days from the date of the previous notice (19th November), Owners reserve their right to take all remedies available under the charter party, including but not limited to withholding performance and/or withdrawing the vessel from your service.”

  Unqte

  2025年11月24日,14:26

  “Dear Sirs,

  We refer to our previous email dated 19 November, dated 20 November 2025 as well as our e-mail dated 21 November 2025, in which we formally notified you of your failure to pay the outstanding hire and granted you a three-day grace period to rectify this failure, in accordance with the Grace Period clause of the Charter Party.

  As of today, the three-day grace period has expired, and we have not received the outstanding hire payment from you. Consequently, and in strict accordance with the terms of the Grace Period clause, Owners hereby exercise their right to withdraw the vessel from your service with immediate effect.

  This withdrawal is without prejudice to any other rights or remedies available to Owners under the Charter Party or applicable law, including but not limited to the right to claim all outstanding hire, additional expenses, and indemnities for any liabilities incurred under the Bill of Lading or any other contract of carriage.

  All outstanding amounts remain due and payable, and we reserve the right to take further action to recover all sums due, together with interest and costs.”

 
然后合同中的grace notice条款如下:
 
 
“In case of above mentioned payment failure, Owners will give Charterers a three-day written notice grace period (day of notice included) to rectify their failure. Only when the failure if rectified strictly within said three days shall the payment stand as regulars and punctual and Owners shall refrain from exercising their right to withdraw the vessel or withhold performance with any further notice.”

  可以清楚看到,19号的邮件只是说没收到钱,会停止服务;21号星期五,下班后船东的邮件说,在19号的邮件基础上,正式给3天通知,没收到钱的话将保留权利租约下所有可行的救济,包括不限于暂停服务,和或撤船。很明显,船东说的不是3天内未收到钱就撤船。

  Owners reserve their right to take all remedies available under the charter party, including but not limited to withholding performance and/or withdrawing the vessel from your service.

  然后,24号,星期一下午,船东说说按照合同3天的grace notice已过,没收到钱,撤船。 

  首先来看看之前航运佬微信群里分享过关于撤船相关的基本问题。

  Qte

  搞航运真的每天都可能有意外发生,这么这两天发生了一让人哭笑不得的事。国内一船东认为,承租人必须在还船前先支付ILOHC;如果不支付,那么必须在还船前安排扫洗舱然后才能还船。这个船东把ILOHC的费用加到租金账单中,认为承租人租金支付不足,然后给承租人发了grace notice。上午发的grace notice,当天下午就说如果没在1700收到租金,将withdraw performance,关舱不卸货。合同条款相关条款如下:ILOHC ON REDELIVERY USD7,000 FOR THIS SHIPMENT.Where there is any failure to make 'punctual and regular payment' due to oversight, negligence or error or omission of Charterers or their agents, employees or otherwise for any reason where there is absence of intention to fail to make payment as set out, Charterers shall be granted three (3) banking days grace to rectify the failure, and when so rectified within those three days following Owners’ notice, the payment shall stand as regular and punctual and the Owners will not withdraw the vessel.ILOHC,这个想必大家都知道,还船扫洗舱费用。赋予承租人的选择权,支付一笔货舱清洁费用以替代扫洗舱的义务。当然该条款只针对普通的清洁,如果有大量残留货物,情况就不一样。回到条款本身,ILOHC加了on redelivery,非常清晰明确是还船扫洗舱的费用,条款没有规定必须在还船前支付;那承租人也就可以选择在还船后再支付这笔费用。再看反技巧性通知条款,其中规定如果由于承租人或其代理人、雇员的疏忽、过失、错误或遗漏或其他原因而未能准时和定期付款,并且没有故意不按规定付款,则承租人应有3个银行工作日的宽限期来纠正该失误,并且如果在船东通知后的3天内纠正,则付款将被视为定期和准时的付款,并且船东不会撤回船舶。所以这个条款并没有赋予承租人withdraw performance或withhold performance的权利:船东只有在发了grace notice之后,非常明确地要求承租人必须在3个银行工作日内付款,否则船东就撤船;而承租人在3个银行工作日之内未安排付款,船东到那时候就可以撤船。

  由于船东错误地把ILOHC及相应的油款都算成了租金,所以事实上,在船东发威胁通知的时候,租金并未到期;在租金尚未到期的情况下,船东发这种威胁电邮可被视为预期违约,因此该电邮即不正规也不合法。接下来就来看看和宽限期通知(也叫反技巧性通知)有关的几个法律问题。

  首先参第7版Time Charter,Chapter 16-Hire and Withdrawal,16.92的如下规定:在反技巧性条款下,一个有效的通知不能被给予,直到租金到期的那一天的午夜,当承租人有过错的时候。因此,船东在发威胁通知电邮的时候为时过早,船东违约。

  在The Pamela [1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep.249案中,Gatehouse法官引用The Rio Sun 及The Afovos案,在第253页判决书中说到:  在我看来,一个反技术性条款在目前的形式要求,作为一个法律问题,两陈述表示,虽然没有特别的措辞已被使用。这些是(i)租金未准时支付,(ii)租家有48小时去付款或船没了的风险。单一的信息,仅通知租家撤船,是不够的。我因此同意持有不同意见的仲裁员,因为在我看来,法律规定,每一个这样的通知必须以明确和不含糊的最后通牒的形式存在。这尚不充分去确立,事实上,特定的承租人应该意识到一个秘密信息的重要性。

  在The Rio Sun [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep.489 (C.A.)案中,Denning勋爵在第496页判决书中说到,他同意仲裁员所说,根据合同第30条所发出的通知,起草者在法律上不一定是完美的,但必须明确的是,出租人正在通知承租人,如果在48小时的宽限期内没有支付准确的租金,出租人将撤回船舶。Dennig勋爵认为在6月14日1640所发出的电传还不足够算是通知,该通知并未说明未能及时支付租金的后果,它可以被解释为是警告,如果没有及时付款,将发出撤船通知。对于承租人而言,撤船是如此严重的事情,因此出租人有义务明确无误地通知承租人其撤回船舶的意图,应该说明在48小时内租家要么支付租金,或者要么船舶被撤回。  根据这种反技巧性向承租人发出的通知的措辞必须清晰明确。它也必须是绝对的,它必须明确指出,承租人没有按时付款,并且出租人发出最后通知,除非在48小时内(或特定条款中规定的其他期间)支付租金,否则他们将或可能撤回其船舶。 在The Afovos [1983] 1Lloyd’s Rep.335 (H.L.)案中,贵族院的Hailsham勋爵在第339页判决书中说到,合同第31条不管是语法意义还是合同所依据的政策考虑因素,撤船只能在提供了所必须48小时通知之后才能行使;而且撤船通知只能是在租金到期未收到的时候给出。  Diplock勋爵认为虽然承租人未能按时支付租金,但无论多么短暂,所涉及的延误都可能违反条件条款,但不会因此转变为根本违约行为;只有根本违约行为才能适用预期违约原则。一般规则是,如在之前案中所分析的,主要义务转换为次要义务(无论是“一般次要义务”还是“预期次要义务”)只有在违反主要义务的情况下才会发生。到目前为止,双方尚未履行的主要义务仍未完整。例外情况是,一方向另一方表明他的意图不再履行合同,而不履行的结果将是剥夺另一方实质上的利益,而当事方的意图是另一方应从剩余的双方的主要义务中获得。在适用“毁约”一词的情况下,非违约方不必等到实际违约;他可以选择立即对待另一方的次要义务。预期违约的原则只是属于毁约的一种,仅适用于根本违约。如果合同的一方明确地或暗示另一方提前表明,在履行时间到达时,他将无法履行合同规定的特定主要义务,则另一方是否可以选择将该陈述视为毁约,取决于受威胁的不履行是否具有剥夺该另一方实质上全部利益的效果,而该当事方的意图是他应从当事方的主要义务中获得。如果不具有这种效果,则不存在毁约,另一方不能选择终止剩余的主要义务。不履约的威胁本身必须满足根本违约的标准。Diplock勋爵认为同样地,如果合同当事方无论是由于未采取及时采取行动还是由于任何其他违约行为而使其无权履行特定的主要义务,另一方有权选择将其视为毁约,但取决于由此产生的不履行是否构成根本违约。显然,在本案的情况下,延迟支付半个月的租金并不会导致根本违约。出租人上诉被驳回。结合这些权威先例,在这个争议中,合同条款所赋予船东的权利是,在租金到期的那一天,才可以发grace notice。同时,就算是有权利发,也应该严格依据合同条款,给予3天的宽限期通知,才能采取关舱行动。在3天的宽限期届满之前,采取任何中止服务的行为都将构成船东违约。除非是,在租金确实到期之后,按合同第18条,行使货物留置权;如果是行使货物留置权,则无需给予所谓的3天的宽限期通知。但在本争议中,船东所采取的是撤回服务,不卸货,并没有说是留置货物,因此,船东如果不卸货也将构成违约。

  Unqte 

  接下来,再来看看租金支付的问题。 

  通常,如果租船合同没有非常清晰明确的天定,那么租家按时支付租金的义务仅仅是一个中间条款,非条件条款。在2016年,大新华的案子,Spar Shipping, [2016] EWCA Civ 982;更早一点,如The Astra [2013] 2 Lloyd’s Rep.69案都认定非条件条款。也就是说,租家违反按时支付租金的义务,并不会立即赋予船东撤船,终止租船合同的权利及索赔损失。相反,在租家违反按时支付租金条款后,船东撤船终止租约的权利需看租家的这种违约行为,是否足够严重到动摇了合同的根本,使船东实质上丧失了租船合同的全部利益。 如果仅仅是晚付迟付了几天,还远远不能说动摇了合同根本。

  所以,TL船东想撤船,必须严格按照合同,给足租家3天的撤船通知。考虑到前面说的撤船通知的要求,船东所发的通知模棱两可,完全不满足清晰明确的要求,撤船通知无效。可以参考The Li Hai案,之前有详细说过。那个案子船东就因为撤船通知不规范,不满足要求,船东被判撤船构成自身毁约,得赔偿租家损失200多万美元。

  此外,船东在grace notice条款 ,耍小聪明,做了修改,没有working day,然后还(包括通知当天)。船东还耍“聪明”,选择在周五,下班后,给发了个所谓的撤船通知。但如前面所说的,该通知不满足要求,非法律上有效的撤船通知。

  In case of above mentioned payment failure, Owners will give Charterers a three-day written notice grace period (day of notice included) to rectify their failure.

  在The Pamela [1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep.249案中,就涉及到这个发撤船通知时间的问题。 Gatehouse法官认为,法院在确定撤船通知的有效性时,要考虑的相关时间不是船东发出通知的时间,而是租家可能收到通知的时间,这个通知要让租家收到引起租家注意。在周五晚上23:41,午夜之前发出的撤船通知,不可能在下一个工作日之前被租家知晓;基于商业常识,这种在下班后发的撤船通知无效。

  按这个案子法院的观点,船东TL在周五下班后发的,又试图借助周末来计算时间的撤船通知,很显然不符合商业合理性;从这个角度出发,也是无效的。

  最后,船东TL在撤船后,仍正常安排缷货。这个也涉及到船东又确认了合同,Affirm了合同。

  After 11th November, however, the Claimants, having made up their mind to accept the repudiatory breach, did not do so by withdrawing the vessel immediately. Instead they allowed the vessel to remain in the service of the charterers for the purposes of discharging the cargo. We can understand the commercial reasons which gave rise to the Claimants’ desire to relieve themselves of the expense and responsibility of delivering the cargo before withdrawing the vessel, but in our view, the continued compliance with the charterparty, was a clear affirmation. In the words of the editors of The Law of Waiver, Variation and Estoppel (supra) it was conduct capable of one construction only, namely that the Claimants had chosen to forego their rights. The Claimants sought to answer the Respondents’ case by pointing out that they had repeatedly reserved all their rights. We do not, however, consider that a reservation of rights can suffice to protect the Claimants in circumstances where they acted in a manner which was wholly inconsistent with their accrued right to withdraw the vessel. It necessarily follows from the foregoing that the Claimants’ withdrawal of the vessel on 14th November was itself a repudiatory breach.”

  这个高等法院的案子,也是发生在11月,船东撤船后,又继续正常安排缷货。法院最终判船东affirm了合同,船东撤船构成毁约。

  历史总是惊人地巧合。 

  按自己思路或习惯来做事,很可能都是错的;尤其是不看判例,对英国法又不懂的情况下,更是如此。

  希望大家都能严格遵守合约,专业的人做专业的事。

       海运圈聚焦专栏作者Alex (微信公众号 航运佬)