合同租船合同链包括:(i)Ocean Light和Trafigura MaritimeLogistics Pte Ltd(Trafigura)之间于2019年4月29日签订的经修订的Shelltime 4格式的定期租船合同;(ii)Trafigura修订的Shellvoy 6格式于2019年8月21日转租给ClearlakeChartering USA Inc(CUSA)执行一程租合同( Clearlake租船合同);(iii)在同样的日期2019年8月21日,CUSA以背靠背在转租给Petroleo Brasileiro SA(Petrobras)(Perobras租船合同)。货物于2019年11月卸货。
根据2019年12月执行的Clearlake租船合同的补遗,在卸货后,Clearlake与Trafigura达成协议,将对Clearlake租船合同进行修订,以使承租人为Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd(CSPL)。但是,Clearlake省略了CSPL和CUSA之间的背靠背订舱单。
Petrobras租船合同与Clearlake租船合同有着实质性的背靠背条款。经修订的Shellvoy格式第33(6)条规定如下:
“Notwithstanding any other provision of this Charter, Owners shall be obliged to comply with anyorders from Charterers to discharge all or part of the cargo provided that theyhave received from Charterers written confirmation of such orders.
If Charterers… request Owners to discharge a quantity of cargo either:
(a) withoutbills of lading …
then Ownersshall discharge such cargo in accordance with Charterers’ instructions inconsideration of receiving an LOI as per Owners’ P&I Club wording to besubmitted to Charterers before lifting the ‘subs’. Following indemnity deemedto be given by Charterers on each and every such occasion
[sub-clauses(i) to (iv) were deleted.]
(v) As soonas all original bills of lading for the above cargo which name as dischargeport the place where delivery actually occurred shall have arrived and/or comeinto Charterers’ possession, Charterers shall produce and deliver the same toOwners, whereupon Charterers’ liability hereunder shall cease. Providedhowever, if Charterers have not received all such original bills by 24.00 hourson the day 36 13 (thirteen) calendar months after the date of discharge, thenthis indemnity shall terminate at that time …
(vi) Ownersshall promptly notify Charterers if any person (other than a person to whomCharterers ordered cargo to be delivered) claims to be entitled to such cargoand/or if the vessel or any other property belonging to Owners is arrested byreason of any such discharge of cargo.
(vii) Thisindemnity shall be governed and construed in accordance with the English lawand each and any dispute arising out of or in connection with this indemnityshall be subject to the jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice of England.”
在摘了subs和租船合同成为无条件之前,船东的保赔协会的措辞实际上并未提交给Petrobras。但是,在以下情况下于2019年10月提供了该措辞。Petrobras于2019年10月11日表示希望更改货物的合同目的地。随后,通过经纪人发出了一个请求,要求船东“在没有出示原始提单的情况下卸货的LOI措辞,而在没有提单和目的地变更的情况下船东将措辞合并在一起”。该请求已沿租约链发送给Trafigura,这导致国际保赔协会集团(IG)的措辞沿线传递给了Clearlake,然后于2019年10月14日传递给了Petrobras。
根据Petrobras租船合同,Petrobras于2019年10月30日向CUSA发出了卸货令。命令包括以下内容:
“LOI:承租人,Petrobras特此要求船东在不出示提单的情况下,按照本次航行命令卸货。代替LOI承租人在此援引第二部分,租船合同日期为2019年8月21日的第33(6)条。”
收到这些卸货命令后,Clearlake便通过电子邮件将其转交给了Trafigura:“我们,Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd,据此援引相关租船合同的第33条,按照以下承租人命令在不出示正本提单的情况下卸货。”。
2020年3月20日,在CSPL未能遵守提供保证使船舶能够被释放的担保的要求之后,Trafigura寻求紧急强制禁令,迫使CSPL根据Clearlake租船合同第33条第6款提供担保。2020年3月24日,Henshaw法官批准了所寻求的禁制令(见Trafigura Maritime Logistics Pte Ltd v. Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd(The Miracle Hope(No 1)[2020] EWHC 726(Comm)–(2020)1053 LMLN 2))。
高等法院的Jacobs法官认为关于第33条第(6)款,法院同意Henshaw法官的结论,即阅读IG措词的相关条款以及第33条第(6)款第(v)至(vii)款,以便得出商定的赔偿的总体条款是完全合理的。几周后提供措辞没有什么区别。法院还同意以下结论:商定的赔偿(即阅读IG措词的相关条款以及(v)至(vii)子条款)是根据该条款本身产生的,而无需任何单独的信函包含该条款。Henshaw 法官关于弃权和禁止反言的结论同样适用于CUSA和Petrobras。
在这种背景下,Jacobs法官认为法院高度确信CUSA将以Petrobras受IG措词条款以及第(v)至(vii)款约束的主张取得成功。因此,法院高度满意地保证,CUSA将以其关于Petrobras在不提供提单的情况下卸货受IG措辞条款约束的主张中胜诉(与(v)至(vii)款)。
至于据称合同链中的缺口,Jacobs法官认为法院将接受CUSA的论点,即IG的用语不限于就流失至CUSA的损失或负债提供赔偿。
相关措词如下:
“In consideration of youcomplying with our above request, we hereby agree as follows:
1. To indemnify you, your servants and agents and to hold all of youharmless in respect of any liability, loss, damage or expense of whatsoevernature which you may sustain by reason of [the ship proceeding and] givingdelivery of the cargo in accordance with our request.
2. In the event of any proceedings being commenced against you or any ofyour servants or agents in connection with [the ship proceeding and] givingdelivery of the cargo as aforesaid, to provide you or them on demand withsufficient funds to defend the same.
3. If in connection with the delivery of the cargo as aforesaid, the ship,or any other ship or property in the same or associated ownership, managementor control, should be arrested or detained or should the arrest or detentionthereof be threatened, or should there be any interference in the use ortrading of the vessel (whether by virtue of a caveat being entered on theship’s registry or otherwise howsoever), to provide on demand such bail orother security as may be required to prevent such arrest or detention or tosecure the release of such ship or property or to remove such interference andto indemnify you in respect of any liability, loss, damage or expense caused bysuch arrest or detention or threatened arrest or detention or such inference,whether or [not] such arrest or detention or threatened arrest or detention orsuch interference may be justified.”
Jacobs法官认为确实,第1条规定了对赔偿责任和损失的赔偿,第3条的结论词(“并赔偿您……”)也规定了赔偿。但是,第2条明确表示有义务在某些事件发生时根据需要提供足够的资金。同样,第3条的第一部分也有明确的义务(“应要求提供保释或其他必要的担保,以防止这种逮捕或拘留或确保这种船舶或财产的释放或消除这种干扰”)如果发生某些事件则产生。这些义务是对其他地方的赔偿义务的补充。这些是Petrobras同意履行的义务,并且不依赖于CUSA证明其遭受了实际损失或威胁损失。
关于损害赔偿的适当性,Jacobs法官认为已经在与当前类似的背景下的许多案例中考虑了这个问题,参The UniversalBremen [2020] 1 Lloyd’s Rep.206案,The Bremen Max[2009] 1 Lloyd's Rep.81案和The LaemthongGlory (No 2) [2005] 1 Lloyd’s Rep.632案。法院裁定,应履行而不应否定本案中产生的合同义务,论点中没有实质内容认为损害赔偿是适当的补救措施,因为CUSA将由于合同链断裂而不会蒙受任何损失,关于合同链中是否确实存在实质性断裂,有一个严重的问题需要尝试,但即使该论点是正确的,它也会加强强制令的理由。如果当事方试图在某方可能难以确定损害赔偿要求的情况下执行合同义务,那将是一个理由,认为损害赔偿是不适当的补救措施,因此造成了损害赔偿,强制令应该被批准。
Jacobs法官认为毫无疑问,便利的平衡在于发出强制令。Jacobs法官认为高度保证,CUSA将根据案情实质胜诉。Petrobras是提出要求而未提交提单的解除合同的当事方,它应该早些时候已经履行了其义务。不公正的风险倾向于发出强制令,以使船舶能够航行,提出要求的一方提供了担保。如果CUSA或CSPL(处于或可能处于合同链中间)的当事方应该承担提供Petrobras同意提供的担保的巨大成本,那将是最不公平的。
Jacobs法官认为鉴于Petrobras以前(在本听证会中)曾根据IG的规定拒绝承担任何义务,所以法官提供救济以确保履行第2条规定的义务为时过早。该救济的确切措辞以及与该命令措辞有关的任何其他问题都可能成为进一步呈件的主题。Jacobs法官认为原则上,在进一步考虑和提出索赔人提出的措词的前提下,法官愿意在进一步返回日期之前给予索赔人所寻求的救济。
